The procedures of translation by Pinchuck,1977:166

Translation in the very broad sense of the term can be listed in terms of different levels of complexity (Pinchuck,1977:166). The procedures can be in the form of :

1.  transcription

This means rendering the sounds of an SL into a TL form, e.g.

Indonesian                              English

Achmad                      -           Ahmed

Betawi                         -           Batavia

Urang hutan                -           Orangutan

2. Transliteration

This is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet into the letters of another with a different alphabetical system. For example: from the Russian Cyrillic alphabets into the Latin ones or from Arabic into Latin. No transliteration takes place between Indonesian and English since both are use the Latin alphabets.

3. Borrowing

Manny types of borrowing are made from one language to another. A procedure often used when the TL has no equivalent for the SL units is to adopt them without change but sometimes with spelling or pronunciation adjustments. Look at the examples below:

Indonesian                              English

sampan                        -           sampan

kampung                     -           kampong

durian                          -           durian

sandal                          -           sandal

kapok                          -           kapok

English                                    Indonesian

Memo                          -           memo

Atom                           -           atom

NATO                         -           NATO

Astronaut                    -           astronot

taxi                              -           taksi

4. Literal

This is one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can include borrowings and word-for-word translation. This presupposes a kind of interlingua synonymy. Look at the examples below:

Indonesian                                                      English

(a)   5 buku                                          -           5 books

       Mary telah datang                        -           Mary has come

       John sedang menyanyi                 -           John is singing

(b)        opelet                                      -           jipney

Kepinding                               -           bedbug

limas                                        -           pyramid

garuk                                       -           scratch

peri                                          -           nymph

5. Transposition

This is one of the most common procedure used in translation. It involves replacing a grammatical structure in the SL with one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the same effect. This grammatical adjustment will be dealt with more intensively in module two.

Examples:

-  Perlu diketahui bahwa            You should know that module writing

             menulis modul itu me-           takes time (active).

             makan waktu (passive).

-  I would have come if              Saya tentu datang kalau tahu.

I had known.                           Sayang, saya tidak tahu maka tidak

datang.

6. Modulation

Modulation and transposition are the two main processes in translation. Modulation entails a change in lexical element, a shift in the point of view. Transposition and modulation may take at the same time.

Examples

-  When I told him I won a                 - Sewaktu kukatakan kepadanya

   prize at a lottery he                             bahwa aku menang lotere dia

   called me lucky dog                            menyebutku orang yang beruntung.

-  I have told him many times             - Telah kukatakan kepadanya beulang kali

   not to interfere other people's             untuk tidak mencampuri urusan orang lain

   business - but being pig-headed          namun dasar kepala batu dia masih

   he still does.                                        saja mencampuri urusan orang lain

7. Adaptation

This procedure is used when the others do not suffice. It involves modifying the concept, or using a situation analogous to the SL situation though not identical to it. An adaptation may at the same time entail modulation and transposition. It goes beyond language. You can read Dicken's The Great expectation in its adapted form more easily and understandingly.

In translating from one language into another language transposition and modulation are obviously the most important procedures that should be taken into account by the translator.

Normally he should always study the text as a whole before he begins to translate it. After obtaining a picture of the whole he can break it up into its parts. The analysis will move in the opposite direction from the fragments to the whole, from the simpler to the more complex. The smallest unit of equivalence should be determined first. The levels of equivalence is ascending order are as follows

1.      Substitution of printed letter for printed letter or examples from Arabic into Roman, from Japanese into Roman, or from Chinese into Roman.

2.      Substitution of morpheme for morpheme. Examples:

kerja    - work

pekerja - worker

bekerja - work/works/worked

3.      Substitution of word for word. Examples:

careful - hati-hati

open    - terbuka

university – universitas

4.      Substitution of phrase for phrase. Examples:

a careful worker - seorang pekerja yang hati-hati

Open University - Universitas Terbuka

5.      Substitution of sentence for sentence. Examples:

Hariani is a carefully worker in the open  university

Hariani seorang pekerja yang hati-hati di universitas  terbuka.

Univ                                                               

6. Substitution of paragraph for paragraph.

7. Substitution of discourse for discourse.