translation procedures

Bab 3

Translation procedures are the technical device used to transfer the meaning of a text in one language  intoa text in another language.they involve essentially adding structural or lexical  elements to those present in the  sl or substracting from them :eliminating elements that are obligatory in the sl but unnecessary in the tl or with no counterpart there and where disparity between the two media goes beyond language patterns ,adapting the content of the message so that the tl text will comes as close as possible to the  intent of the sl text and create  a similar impact .

From the examples above you can see that the change from sl into tl ,calls for addition,substraction,adaption and unstranslatabless.

Translation in the very broad sense of the trm can be listened in terms  of different levels or complexity,the procedures can be in the form of:

1.translation:The means rendering the sounds of an sl into a tl from

2.transliteration: this process of rendering the letters of ane alphabet into the letters of another with a different alphabetical system .for example,from the Russian cyrillic alphabets into the latin ones or from Arabic into latin .no transliteration takes places between indonesian and english since both use the latin alphabets.

3.borrowing :many types of borrowing are made from one language  to another .a  procedure often used when the tl has no equivalent for the sl units is to adopt them without change but sometimes with spelling or pronounciation adjustment.

4.literal : this one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence.it can include  borrowings and word-for word translation this presupposes a kind of interlingual synonymy.

5. transposition: this one of the most common procedure used in translation .it involves replacing a grammatical structure in the  sl with one of a different  type in the tl in order  to achieve the same effect .this grammatical adjustment  will be  dealt with more intensively in module two.

6.modulation: modulation and  transposition are the two main process in translation . modulation entails a change in lexical elements ,a shift in the point of view . transposition and  modulation may take place  at the same time

7.adaptation: this procedure is used when the others do not suffice. It involves modifying the concept, or using a situation analogue to the sl situation though not identical to it . an adaptation  may at the same time entail modulation and transpositition.it goes beyond language.you can read dicken’s the great expectation in its adapted from more easily and understandingly.

In translating from one language into another language transposition and modulation are obviously the most important procedures that should be taken  into account by the translator. Normally he should always study  the text as a whole he can  break it up  into its part.the analysis will move in the opposite direction from the fragments to the whole ,from the simpler to the more complex . the smallest unit of equivalent should be determined first.